A Critical Review of the Advancements in Biological Science Laboratory Technology

Federal Polytechnic Wannune, Tarka, Benue State, Nigeria; Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria

Biological science laboratory technology is undergoing rapid transformation through the
convergence of synthetic biology, microfluidics, artificial intelligence (AI), and sustainable
laboratory practices. This review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature, critically evaluating
advancements across four core domains: (1) synthetic biology integrated with lab-on-a-chip (LoC)
platforms, (2) AI-driven laboratory automation and experimental design, (3) sustainability
initiatives in biological laboratories, and (4) CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics enhanced by
micro- and nanotechnologies. Analysis of recent publications indicates that synthetic biology–LoC
hybrids enable programmable and portable bio-sensing, with improved biocontainment achieved
through physical encapsulation. However, challenges persist in long-term stability and regulatory
harmonization. AI systems are increasingly functioning as autonomous laboratory agents capable
of hypothesis generation and experimental execution, although concerns regarding algorithmic
bias, reproducibility, and interpretability remain significant. Sustainability research demonstrates
that laboratories can reduce energy consumption substantially through the adoption of smart
infrastructure and green chemistry protocols, yet implementation remains uneven across
institutions. Meanwhile, CRISPR-based diagnostics integrated with microfluidic platforms have
achieved sensitivity comparable to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods in
point-of-care applications, though challenges related to multiplexing and cost continue to limit
widespread adoption. This review concludes that the future of biological laboratory technology
lies in the strategic integration of these innovations within unified digital ecosystems that prioritize
both scientific excellence and environmental responsibility.

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